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What is microprocessor and how it works?
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4S0ofDsP6mapBkjH2S3ln875HTv5A5hXP1sH8j67e2vI5mvrC3SFbPA9hBTc-mzc25hJx4Y5FrVnFcwGYywgsdc2NCxcG4p-AjWIwaL5pD8UHyck4aeMei5rYXfrExV6l_mpjCfGWeuaBwEETVlz4RVnbM7jsvChG4rokTJx-_lVJ5qNOWURLfw0l=s1920" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1082" data-original-width="1920" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg4S0ofDsP6mapBkjH2S3ln875HTv5A5hXP1sH8j67e2vI5mvrC3SFbPA9hBTc-mzc25hJx4Y5FrVnFcwGYywgsdc2NCxcG4p-AjWIwaL5pD8UHyck4aeMei5rYXfrExV6l_mpjCfGWeuaBwEETVlz4RVnbM7jsvChG4rokTJx-_lVJ5qNOWURLfw0l=s320" width="320" /></a></div>A microprocessor is a programmable electronics chip which can compute and make decision as like as the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It can process and execute the instruction using its control unit of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU). Microprocessors are used in mobile phones, washing machines, printers etc. It can perform various arithmetic operations like sum, subtraction, division, multiplication, and more. It can also perform logical operations such as AND, OR, greater than, less than, and more.<br /></div><br /><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A typical microprocessor consists of arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) in association with control unit to process the instruction execution. In order to perform any task by the microprocessor, it must be preprogrammed by the user or programmer. In this case, a programmer knows its internal resources, features and supported instructions. The microprocessor manufacturer provides a list of instructions of each processor. There are two forms of instruction set in a microprocessor. They are binary machine code and mnemonics. Microprocessor runs and communicates with binary numbers of 1 and 0. Binary pattern instruction is called a machine language which is difficult for us to understand. So, the binary patterns are given abbreviated names, called mnemonics, which forms the assembly language. For converting assembly-level language into binary machine-level language, is an application is used which is known as assembler.<br /></div><div> <br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The first successful processor used in practical applications is the microprocessor 8085 which is designed by Intel in 1977 and manufactured by using NMOS Technology. The 8085 microprocessor is used in different devices and projects like automation systems, digital controllers, calculators, video game players, embedded systems, smartwatches, etc.It is an 8-bit general purpose microprocessor which can operate at a +5V DC power supply with a 3.2 MHz single-phase clock. The microprocessor 8085 works based on the following components and internal parts:<br /></div><div><br /><br /><b>1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">ALU is the core part of the microprocessor which can perform arithmetic or mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logical operations like AND, OR, NOT, increment and decrement. It works with 8-bit data only. It takes data from the accumulator and temporary register during executing the program.<br /></div><div><br /><br /><b>2. Accumulator</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In order to perform the arithmetic and logical operations, an 8-bit register supplies the data directly to the ALU during executing the program. It is called accumulator which is connected between the internal bus and ALU. Accumulator can load and store new data. </div><div><br /><br /><b>3. General Purpose Registers</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are six general-purpose registers named as B, C, D, E, H, and L in the microprocessor 8085. Each of them can store 8-bit data. Pairs like B-C or D-E, or H-L can store 16-bit data.<br /></div><div><br /><br /><b>4. Flag Register</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Values either 1 or 0 are stored in this register. It's also an 8-bit register which can only store these values based on the value is stored in the accumulator after executing the program.<br /></div><div><br /><br /><b>5. Temporary Register</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is an 8 bit register wherein data are temporarily stored during executing the program. It provides supporting data to the ALU. In this case, the data comes from the general-purpose register and is stored in the temporary register during execution of the program by ALU.<br /></div><div><br /><b> </b></div><div><b>6. Instruction Register and Decoder</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Instruction register stores instruction fetched from the memory during the program execution. The instruction decoder decodes the instruction to understand the task to be performed by the ALU.<br /></div><div><br /><br /><b>7. Program Counter</b><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is a 16-bit register which stores the memory address of the instruction that will be executed in the next. The program counter will be increment by one whenever the instruction is executed.<br /></div><div><br /><b><br />8. Stack Pointer</b><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: justify;">A 16-bit register which works as a stack and always makes increments or decrements by 2 during the push and pop operation is called stack pointer. The content of the register is stored here for using in the next execution.<br /><br /><br /><b>9. Timing and Control Unit</b><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In order to perform tasks or to do program executions, timing and control unit provides all the clock or pulse signals to all the components of the microprocessor. It is the combination of analog and digital circuits. It not only provides signals to the internal components but also provides the timing and control signal to the external component as well as circuit connected to the microprocessor like RD, WR, HLDA, HOLD, READY, etc.<br /></div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><b>10. Interrupt Control</b><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The control system which controls the interrupts in the microprocessor during executing the program is called Interrupt Control. ALU stops the current program execution and processes the task given by the interrupt if there is an interrupt occurs by an external or internal input. It starts again its own work after finishing the task given by the interrupt.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /> <br /><b>11. Serial Input/Output Control</b><br /><br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">A system which can control the serial communication between the microprocessor and external devices through serial input and serial output ports like SOD and SID is called Serial Input/Output Control.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><b>12. Data Bus and Address Bus</b><br /> <br /><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For transferring data between memory and processor or between I/O device and processor, a bus is used which is called data bus. It is a bidirectional bus which can carry and transfer the data is to be stored. 8-bit processor contains an 8-bit data bus and a 16-bit processor has 16-bit data bus. There are 8-bit data bus and 16-bit address bus in the 8085 microprocessor. On the other hand, the address bus carries the location address of the memory where the data is to be stored. It is a unidirectional bus. In this case, a unique address or binary pattern is used for identifying a memory location or an input/output (I/O) port. For example, an 8 bit address bus contains eight lines having address 28 = 256 different locations. The locations in hexadecimal format can be written as 00H – FFH.<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /></div>
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Diodes are two terminal electronic components which allow current to flow in one direction. This diode can be used to block the flow of electric current from other parts of an electrical circuit. These types of silicon diodes are basically known as Blocking Diodes during the usage with a solar panel. Bypass Diodes are connected in parallel with either a single or a number of solar cells to prevent the solar cells overheating by sunlight. By providing a current path around the bad cell, these types of diodes also protect the partially shaded solar cells from burning out. Blocking diodes are used differently than bypass diodes. Bypass diodes in solar panels are connected in “parallel” with a solar cell or panel to shunt the current around it, whereas blocking diodes are connected in “series” with the PV panels to prevent current flowing back into them. Therefore, blocking diodes are different than bypass diodes. These types of diodes are physically the same in most cases. In order to se
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What stops generators from producing electricity/voltage? The loss of residual magnetism is the main reason why portable generators don't produce power. Electrical conductors are moved through a magnetic field by generators. Magnets are not present in your generator. By converting a portion of the generator's output voltage to direct current (DC) and feeding it to a coil to construct an electromagnet, the magnetic field is produced. Residual magnetism is the trace quantity of magnetism that remains after the generator has stopped operating. The meager amount of magnetism is sufficient to generate a tiny amount of electricity. An even stronger electromagnet can be made using this little electricity.  Your generator generates even more power as the engine rotates this magnet, which moves its electric field through the stator windings. When the remaining magnetism is gone, the generator won't start up and produce any power. The loss of this residual magnetism might occur spont
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It is very crucial to check the output of solar panel because it saves the trouble of installing non-functional ones. First of all, the voltage and current ratings of the solar panel should be checked. These ratings can be found at the back of the panel often. Ensure the sunlight conditions are superb. If the sunlight is not directly hitting solar panels or if the rays are weak, accurate reading will not be displayed in the multi meter. A charge controller can only be tested when the battery is not full. A fully charged battery will resist current. To avoid damaging solar panels, the charge controller must be connected to the battery first, then the charge controller to the panel. A solar panel from the charge controller should be disconnected  first always, then the charge controller should be removed from the battery. There are two types of current in electrical power system. They are alternating current or AC and direct current, also known as DC. While DC only flows in one direction
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