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A website on various types of topics categorized to science and technology.
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text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCjG8QK2oKZbwWpQoslWJW7-Nxa2p7F1TaWjnGvxOnSxyaF0cJhvEvCEuzVGkDktb0ZwJf5HeAQBdcB5PciSng4Ba78ywyN2SqNw2Wgptfat69Qo3txVFYQwMmCIDAekJsZGJDJCCvgfGAFL-2E_zqWsNALFlvWZ7G32_j-MYeV7ZxSRkR4cFnlKc/s6000/How%20to%20make%20semiconductor%20chip.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCjG8QK2oKZbwWpQoslWJW7-Nxa2p7F1TaWjnGvxOnSxyaF0cJhvEvCEuzVGkDktb0ZwJf5HeAQBdcB5PciSng4Ba78ywyN2SqNw2Wgptfat69Qo3txVFYQwMmCIDAekJsZGJDJCCvgfGAFL-2E_zqWsNALFlvWZ7G32_j-MYeV7ZxSRkR4cFnlKc/s320/How%20to%20make%20semiconductor%20chip.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="flex flex-grow flex-col gap-3 max-w-full" style="text-align: justify;"><div class="min-h-[20px] flex flex-col items-start gap-3 overflow-x-auto whitespace-pre-wrap break-words"><div class="markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light"><p>Manufacturing semiconductor chips, also known as integrated circuits (ICs), is a highly complex and specialized process that involves multiple steps performed in cleanroom environments to ensure the utmost precision and quality. Here's a simplified overview of the process:</p><p><strong>1. Design and Verification:</strong> The process begins with the design of the semiconductor chip using computer-aided design (CAD) software. The design is then verified using simulations and prototypes to ensure functionality and performance.</p><p><strong>2. Photolithography:</strong> The chip manufacturing process starts with a silicon wafer, which is a thin, circular slice of silicon. Photolithography is a key step that involves transferring the chip design onto the wafer. A photosensitive material (photoresist) is applied to the wafer's surface. Ultraviolet light is then used to expose the photoresist through a mask containing the chip's circuit pattern. The exposed photoresist is developed, leaving a pattern on the wafer.</p><p><strong>3. Etching:</strong> The exposed areas of the wafer are etched using chemical or plasma processes. This removes the material not covered by the patterned photoresist. Etching can be either wet (using chemical solutions) or dry (using plasma), depending on the desired precision and complexity.</p><p><strong>4. Ion Implantation:</strong> Ion implantation is used to introduce dopants (impurities) into specific regions of the silicon wafer. These dopants modify the electrical properties of the silicon, creating regions with different conductivity levels, such as n-type (negative) and p-type (positive) regions.</p><p><strong>5. Deposition:</strong> Thin films of materials, such as metals or insulators, are deposited onto the wafer's surface using techniques like chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (PVD). These films form interconnects, transistors, and other components on the chip.</p><p><strong>6. Oxidation:</strong> Thermal oxidation is employed to grow a thin layer of silicon dioxide on the wafer's surface. This oxide layer serves as an insulator and also as a gate dielectric in transistors.</p><p><strong>7. Diffusion:</strong> During diffusion, the wafer is heated to allow the dopants to spread and diffuse into the silicon, creating well-defined junctions and transistor structures.</p><p><strong>8. Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP):</strong> CMP is used to planarize the wafer's surface, ensuring a uniform and smooth surface for subsequent layers. This is crucial for maintaining accuracy in the manufacturing process.</p><p><strong>9. Metallization:</strong> Thin metal films are deposited on the wafer's surface to create interconnections between different components. These metal layers are patterned using photolithography and etching to form the wiring and contacts.</p><p><strong>10. Testing and Packaging:</strong> After the chip's components are built, the wafer undergoes testing to identify defects and ensure functionality. Defective chips are marked and not packaged. Good chips are separated from the wafer and placed into individual packages. These packages provide protection and electrical connections to the chip.</p><p><strong>11. Final Testing:</strong> Packaged chips undergo final testing to ensure they meet performance specifications. This testing can involve functional, electrical, and thermal tests.</p><p><strong>12. Distribution:</strong> The tested and packaged chips are ready for distribution to various industries, such as consumer electronics, automotive, aerospace, and more.</p><p>It's important to note that the semiconductor manufacturing process is continuously evolving and becoming more advanced with the development of new materials, techniques, and technologies. The process described above is a simplified overview, and each step involves intricate details and sub-processes that require expertise and precision. The industry relies heavily on research and development to improve chip performance, reduce power consumption, and enhance overall efficiency.</p></div></div></div> </div> <div class='post-sidebar invisible'> <div class='post-share-buttons post-share-buttons-top'> <div class='byline post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <div aria-owns='sharing-popup-Blog1-normalpostsidebar-8498848366222081725' class='sharing' data-title='How to make semiconductor chip'> <button aria-controls='sharing-popup-Blog1-normalpostsidebar-8498848366222081725' aria-label='Share' class='sharing-button touch-icon-button flat-button ripple' id='sharing-button-Blog1-normalpostsidebar-8498848366222081725' role='button'> Share </button> <div class='share-buttons-container'> <ul aria-hidden='true' aria-label='Share' class='share-buttons hidden' id='sharing-popup-Blog1-normalpostsidebar-8498848366222081725' role='menu'> <li> <span aria-label='Get link' class='sharing-platform-button sharing-element-link' 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class='timestamp-link' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/solar-panel-diode-function.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'> <time class='published' datetime='2021-07-02T09:31:00-07:00' title='2021-07-02T09:31:00-07:00'> July 02, 2021 </time> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='container post-body entry-content' id='post-snippet-7989865891691437493'> <div class='post-snippet snippet-container r-snippet-container'> <div class='snippet-item r-snippetized'> Solar panel diodes play a crucial role in the functioning of solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. Diodes are semiconductor devices that allow current to flow in one direction while blocking it in the opposite direction. In solar panels, diodes are integrated into the circuitry to ensure safe and efficient operation of the system. Let's delve into the functions and significance of diodes in solar panels: 1. Reverse Current Prevention: One of the primary functions of diodes in solar panels is to prevent reverse current flow. Solar panels generate direct current (DC), which can flow back into the panels if there is a drop in voltage caused by factors such as shading, low light conditions, or when the panels are not actively generating power (e.g., during the night). Reverse current can reduce the overall efficiency of the solar system and potentially damage the panels. 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class='timestamp-link' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/what-is-bioelectricity-in-science.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'> <time class='published' datetime='2021-07-04T21:37:00-07:00' title='2021-07-04T21:37:00-07:00'> July 04, 2021 </time> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='container post-body entry-content' id='post-snippet-3773792263379964747'> <div class='post-snippet snippet-container r-snippet-container'> <div class='snippet-item r-snippetized'> Bioelectricity refers to the electrical phenomena that occur within living organisms, ranging from individual cells to complex organisms. It is a phenomenon where cells generate and manipulate electrical signals as part of their physiological processes. Bioelectricity plays a crucial role in various biological functions, including communication between cells, muscle contractions, neural signaling, and other vital processes. Key aspects of bioelectricity in science include: 1. Cellular Electrochemistry: Cells maintain a difference in electrical potential between their internal and external environments, known as the cell's membrane potential. This potential difference is established through the movement of ions (charged particles) across the cell membrane, primarily through ion channels and pumps. 2. Action Potentials: Action potentials are rapid changes in membrane potential that occur in excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells. 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</div> </div> </div> </article> <article class='post' role='article'> <div class='post-outer-container'> <div class='post-outer'> <a class='snippet-thumbnail' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2023/04/how-does-solar-thermal-power-plant-work.html'> <span class='snippet-thumbnail-img' id='snippet_thumbnail_id_5419422078047396959'></span> <style> @media (min-width: 1168px) { #snippet_thumbnail_id_5419422078047396959 { background-image: url(https\:\/\/blogger.googleusercontent.com\/img\/b\/R29vZ2xl\/AVvXsEjw3I1RBGXJSgRS97o0S3C9WNBxtgC1fX59xibYQmhkRgqRiU6qjgtcjNmPCZom_PSK0vXj_fDqQevwPr3lIM28sBNKic0dauEcueeHT-Xn8lX2j3JpGmWj9Ceqi3sM7b75LDLnMXH9R4rWihZ3SYxSdfF1JLHGJwmUP0CCxWZ8j4h5viQPaJ4vpcGi\/w256-h256-p-k-no-nu\/How%20does%20a%20solar%20thermal%20power%20plant%20work.jpg); } } @media (min-width: 969px) and (max-width: 1167px) { #snippet_thumbnail_id_5419422078047396959 { background-image: 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href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2023/04/how-does-solar-thermal-power-plant-work.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'> <time class='published' datetime='2023-04-17T00:30:00-07:00' title='2023-04-17T00:30:00-07:00'> April 17, 2023 </time> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class='container post-body entry-content' id='post-snippet-5419422078047396959'> <div class='post-snippet snippet-container r-snippet-container'> <div class='snippet-item r-snippetized'> A solar thermal power plant is a type of power generation facility that uses the heat from the sun to produce electricity. Unlike photovoltaic (PV) solar panels, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, solar thermal power plants use mirrors or lenses to focus sunlight onto a receiver, which absorbs the heat and uses it to generate steam. The steam then drives a turbine to generate electricity. There are different types of solar thermal power plants, but they generally work by using large arrays of mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a receiver, which is typically a large, insulated chamber filled with a fluid that can be heated by the sun's rays. The fluid can be a liquid, such as water or oil, or a gas, such as air or nitrogen. As the fluid is heated, it expands and creates steam, which is used to turn a turbine connected to a generator to produce electricity. The steam is then condensed back into a liquid and returned to the receiver to be heated again. 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