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"https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/U2hvZWJveA/AVvXsEgfMvYAhAbdHksiBA24JKmb2Tav6K0GviwztID3Cq4VpV96HaJfy0viIu8z1SSw_G9n5FQHZWSRao61M3e58ImahqBtr7LiOUS6m_w59IvDYwjmMcbq3fKW4JSbacqkbxTo8B90dWp0Cese92xfLMPe_tg11g/h60/", "width": 206, "height": 60 } },"author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Prasun Barua" } }</script> <a name='8498848366222081725'></a> <h3 class='post-title entry-title'> How to make semiconductor chip </h3> <div class='post-share-buttons post-share-buttons-top'> <div class='byline post-share-buttons goog-inline-block'> <div aria-owns='sharing-popup-Blog1-byline-8498848366222081725' class='sharing' data-title='How to make semiconductor chip'> <button aria-controls='sharing-popup-Blog1-byline-8498848366222081725' aria-label='Share' class='sharing-button touch-icon-button' id='sharing-button-Blog1-byline-8498848366222081725' role='button'> <div class='flat-icon-button ripple'> <svg class='svg-icon-24'> <use 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class='byline post-timestamp'> <meta content='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2023/01/how-to-make-semiconductor-chip.html'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2023/01/how-to-make-semiconductor-chip.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'> <time class='published' datetime='2023-01-03T08:01:00-08:00' title='2023-01-03T08:01:00-08:00'> January 03, 2023 </time> </a> </span> </div> </div> <div class='post-body entry-content float-container' id='post-body-8498848366222081725'> <p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCjG8QK2oKZbwWpQoslWJW7-Nxa2p7F1TaWjnGvxOnSxyaF0cJhvEvCEuzVGkDktb0ZwJf5HeAQBdcB5PciSng4Ba78ywyN2SqNw2Wgptfat69Qo3txVFYQwMmCIDAekJsZGJDJCCvgfGAFL-2E_zqWsNALFlvWZ7G32_j-MYeV7ZxSRkR4cFnlKc/s6000/How%20to%20make%20semiconductor%20chip.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4000" data-original-width="6000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCjG8QK2oKZbwWpQoslWJW7-Nxa2p7F1TaWjnGvxOnSxyaF0cJhvEvCEuzVGkDktb0ZwJf5HeAQBdcB5PciSng4Ba78ywyN2SqNw2Wgptfat69Qo3txVFYQwMmCIDAekJsZGJDJCCvgfGAFL-2E_zqWsNALFlvWZ7G32_j-MYeV7ZxSRkR4cFnlKc/s320/How%20to%20make%20semiconductor%20chip.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Semiconductor chips are made through a series of nanofabrication techniques done on the surface of exceedingly pure single crystal silicon substrates. These substrates are commonly referred to as wafers. Wafers that are commonly utilized include 300 mm wafers, which provide the enhanced miniaturization required for cutting-edge devices, and 200 mm wafers, which are better suited to the mixed, small batch production required for Internet of Things devices (IoT). <br /></div><p></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>1. Cleanup</b><br /><br />The silicon wafers that serve as the semiconductor's foundation are cleaned. Defects in the circuit might result from even the smallest amount of wafer contamination. In order to eliminate all contaminants, including ultra-fine particles, minuscule amounts of organic or metallic residues produced during manufacture, and undesired natural oxide layers produced as a result of contact to air, chemical agents are used. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>2. The Deposit of Film</b><br /><br />On the wafer, thin film layers of metals like as silicon oxide, aluminum, and others that will be used as circuit materials are created. There are several methods for forming these thin films, including "sputtering," which involves bombarding a target material, such as aluminum or another metal, with ions, which knocks off atoms and molecules that are then deposited on the wafer surface, "electrodeposition," which is used to form copper wire layers (copper interconnect), and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), which involves mixing special gases to cause a chemical reaction that produces a vapor containing the desired material.<b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>3. Cleaning After Deposition</b><br /><br />Brushes or Nanospray with deionized water, or other physical cleaning procedures, are used to remove minute particles sticking to the wafer following film deposition.<b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>4. Coating Resistant</b><br /><br />The resist is applied on the wafer surface (photosensitive chemical). The wafer is then spun, producing centrifugal force to generate a homogeneous layer of resist on the wafer surface. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>5. Exposed</b><br /><br />The wafer is subjected with short wavelength deep ultraviolet light projected through a mask that contains the circuit pattern. Only the portions of the resist layer that are exposed to light undergo structural change, allowing the pattern to be transferred to the wafer. Steppers, which expose numerous chips at once, and scanners, which expose the wafer using a slit through which light is transmitted onto the wafer, are two types of exposure units. <br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>6. Development</b> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">The wafer is sprayed with developer, which dissolves the portions exposed to light and reveals the thin coating on the wafer surface. The remaining resist portions that are not exposed at this time serve as the mask for the subsequent etching process, and the resist pattern becomes the pattern on the layer below.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>7. Etching<br /></b><br />Wet etching dissolves and removes the exposed thin coating on the surface layer using chemicals such as hydrofluoric acid or phosphoric acid. This creates the pattern. There is also a dry etching process that involves bombarding the wafer surface with ionized atoms to remove the film layer. <b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>8. Impurity Implantation</b><br /><br />Impurities such as phosphor or boron ions are implanted in wafers to give the silicon substrate semiconducting characteristics. <b> </b></p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>9. Activation</b><br /><br />To activate the doped ions deposited in the wafer, heat processing is performed using flash lamps or laser radiation. The tiny transistors on the substrate require instantaneous activation.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>10. Resist Stripping</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">WResist can be stripped off in a wet station, which employs chemicals to remove the resist, or by ashing, which utilizes gases to induce a chemical reaction that removes the resist.<br />Following the ashing, the wafer is cleaned.</p><p style="text-align: justify;"><b>11. Assembly</b></p><p style="text-align: justify;">The wafer is divided into individual chips (dicing), and the chips are wire-bonded to a metal frame called a lead frame. 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src='https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dGYR6LW8lEk/Xq7XyOuSKiI/AAAAAAAAMRc/zjmXAqQ8asQwf0i2KKHGHJLz5_89pmKGACEwYBhgL/s320/Diode.png' srcset='https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dGYR6LW8lEk/Xq7XyOuSKiI/AAAAAAAAMRc/zjmXAqQ8asQwf0i2KKHGHJLz5_89pmKGACEwYBhgL/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Diode.png 72w, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dGYR6LW8lEk/Xq7XyOuSKiI/AAAAAAAAMRc/zjmXAqQ8asQwf0i2KKHGHJLz5_89pmKGACEwYBhgL/w144-h144-p-k-no-nu/Diode.png 144w'/> </a> </div> <div class='popular-posts-snippet snippet-container r-snippet-container'> <div class='snippet-item r-snippetized'> Diodes are two terminal electronic components which allow current to flow in one direction. This diode can be used to block the flow of electric current from other parts of an electrical circuit. These types of silicon diodes are basically known as Blocking Diodes during the usage with a solar panel. Bypass Diodes are connected in parallel with either a single or a number of solar cells to prevent the solar cells overheating by sunlight. By providing a current path around the bad cell, these types of diodes also protect the partially shaded solar cells from burning out. Blocking diodes are used differently than bypass diodes. Bypass diodes in solar panels are connected in “parallel” with a solar cell or panel to shunt the current around it, whereas blocking diodes are connected in “series” with the PV panels to prevent current flowing back into them. Therefore, blocking diodes are different than bypass diodes. These types of diodes are physically the same in most cases. In order to se </div> <a class='snippet-fade r-snippet-fade hidden' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/solar-panel-diode-function.html'></a> </div> <div class='jump-link flat-button ripple'> <a href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/solar-panel-diode-function.html' title='Solar panel diode function'> Keep Reading </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class='post' role='article'> <h3 class='post-title'><a href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2022/04/how-diesel-engine-works.html'>How diesel engine works</a></h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'> <span class='byline post-timestamp'> <meta content='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2022/04/how-diesel-engine-works.html'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2022/04/how-diesel-engine-works.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'> <time class='published' datetime='2022-04-05T21:31:00-07:00' title='2022-04-05T21:31:00-07:00'> April 05, 2022 </time> </a> </span> </div> </div> <div class='item-content float-container'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2022/04/how-diesel-engine-works.html'> <img alt='Image' sizes='72px' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyujJtD1M8ptT2bT-jYc-rok7RHx8tnM0USeIZL9lgvmIfkOijIftB2lAH6FuFpQXKaIS6zzpCs5F1AhJ9p1ItQG92REydc3YLZ9h7t1NYDrBEVyBVCHA3T6ftfV3pNlqLMd1Kvath1VhiNUjX1brSnPsiY4AUIKLqyJACJAA57EsfiZZm8x3XkSUQ/s320/Diesel%20Engine.jpg' srcset='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyujJtD1M8ptT2bT-jYc-rok7RHx8tnM0USeIZL9lgvmIfkOijIftB2lAH6FuFpQXKaIS6zzpCs5F1AhJ9p1ItQG92REydc3YLZ9h7t1NYDrBEVyBVCHA3T6ftfV3pNlqLMd1Kvath1VhiNUjX1brSnPsiY4AUIKLqyJACJAA57EsfiZZm8x3XkSUQ/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/Diesel%20Engine.jpg 72w, https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyujJtD1M8ptT2bT-jYc-rok7RHx8tnM0USeIZL9lgvmIfkOijIftB2lAH6FuFpQXKaIS6zzpCs5F1AhJ9p1ItQG92REydc3YLZ9h7t1NYDrBEVyBVCHA3T6ftfV3pNlqLMd1Kvath1VhiNUjX1brSnPsiY4AUIKLqyJACJAA57EsfiZZm8x3XkSUQ/w144-h144-p-k-no-nu/Diesel%20Engine.jpg 144w'/> </a> </div> <div class='popular-posts-snippet snippet-container r-snippet-container'> <div class='snippet-item r-snippetized'> A diesel engine is an engine where the fuel is burned inside the core part of the engine such as the cylinders where power is generated. This is also called internal combustion engine. In a diesel engine, the fuel burns inside the cylinders themselves. There is no need to flow heat from where it's generated into the cylinder in internal combustion engine. Therefore, the wastage of energy in internal combustion engine is very little. Here, everything happens in the same place. For this reason, internal combustion engines are more efficient than external combustion engines. By utilizing same amount of fuel, more energy is produced in internal combustion engine. Difference between a diesel engine and a gasoline engine   Both diesel and gasoline engines work on the principle of internal combustion, but in little bit different methods. Air and fuel are injected into small metal cylinders in the case of a gasoline engine. A piston compresses the mixture which creates it explosive and a s </div> <a class='snippet-fade r-snippet-fade hidden' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2022/04/how-diesel-engine-works.html'></a> </div> <div class='jump-link flat-button ripple'> <a href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2022/04/how-diesel-engine-works.html' title='How diesel engine works'> Keep Reading </a> </div> </div> </article> <article class='post' role='article'> <h3 class='post-title'><a href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/how-to-test-output-of-solar-panel.html'>How to test the output of a solar panel</a></h3> <div class='post-header'> <div class='post-header-line-1'> <span class='byline post-timestamp'> <meta content='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/how-to-test-output-of-solar-panel.html'/> <a class='timestamp-link' href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/how-to-test-output-of-solar-panel.html' rel='bookmark' title='permanent link'> <time class='published' datetime='2021-07-02T20:14:00-07:00' title='2021-07-02T20:14:00-07:00'> July 02, 2021 </time> </a> </span> </div> </div> <div class='item-content float-container'> <div class='item-thumbnail'> <a href='https://www.prasunbarua.com/2021/07/how-to-test-output-of-solar-panel.html'> <img alt='Image' sizes='72px' src='https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AVyoeR-7qjM/YMDRcfUoyBI/AAAAAAAAOec/6CZ5fPiRmzIH1yTomLVnExXva63hegiWQCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/solar%2Bpanel%2Btest.jpg' srcset='https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AVyoeR-7qjM/YMDRcfUoyBI/AAAAAAAAOec/6CZ5fPiRmzIH1yTomLVnExXva63hegiWQCLcBGAsYHQ/w72-h72-p-k-no-nu/solar%2Bpanel%2Btest.jpg 72w, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AVyoeR-7qjM/YMDRcfUoyBI/AAAAAAAAOec/6CZ5fPiRmzIH1yTomLVnExXva63hegiWQCLcBGAsYHQ/w144-h144-p-k-no-nu/solar%2Bpanel%2Btest.jpg 144w'/> </a> </div> <div class='popular-posts-snippet snippet-container r-snippet-container'> <div class='snippet-item r-snippetized'> It is very crucial to check the output of solar panel because it saves the trouble of installing non-functional ones. First of all, the voltage and current ratings of the solar panel should be checked. These ratings can be found at the back of the panel often. Ensure the sunlight conditions are superb. If the sunlight is not directly hitting solar panels or if the rays are weak, accurate reading will not be displayed in the multi meter. A charge controller can only be tested when the battery is not full. A fully charged battery will resist current. To avoid damaging solar panels, the charge controller must be connected to the battery first, then the charge controller to the panel. A solar panel from the charge controller should be disconnected  first always, then the charge controller should be removed from the battery. There are two types of current in electrical power system. They are alternating current or AC and direct current, also known as DC. 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