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What is microcontroller and how it works?
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<div style="text-align: justify;"><b>What is microcontroller?</b><br /></div><p style="text-align: justify;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjIF-ifL6jWXwZQ8b9hzkQfbeXWu_gVKCuBAdEVuFhyQ3MDAjDg-cYO38Xp4ibTyAfuOgvEAlsRid7YYoN4XJRdOTrcZuOo-2MpJtVBfplbUjlpMwWNZdMqCzKDQwtUQBp2qfLIlJcFySy5Xr6umRQfdVfDFFVOEwBaR_TyzAAlLXRZZprcjJD_L2Jd=s2048" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjIF-ifL6jWXwZQ8b9hzkQfbeXWu_gVKCuBAdEVuFhyQ3MDAjDg-cYO38Xp4ibTyAfuOgvEAlsRid7YYoN4XJRdOTrcZuOo-2MpJtVBfplbUjlpMwWNZdMqCzKDQwtUQBp2qfLIlJcFySy5Xr6umRQfdVfDFFVOEwBaR_TyzAAlLXRZZprcjJD_L2Jd=s320" width="320" /></a></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Microcontroller is a close-packed integrated circuit which can control a specific operation in an embedded system. It includes a memory, processor and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip. As Microcontrollers can control the actions and
features of a product, they are also known as embedded
controllers. They can run one specific program and operate a single task. Microcontroller consists of input and output device. It has small
LED or LCD display outputs. The power consumption of microcontroller is very little. Microcontrollers take inputs from the
device and keep controlling the device by sending signals
to different parts of the device. For example, we can say the microcontroller of a television. It takes input from a remote control and delivers output on the television screen. Microcontrollers are also found in robots, office machines, vehicles, medical devices, mobile radio transceivers, vending machines, home appliances and other devices. Microcontroller is basically a simple miniature personal computers (PCs) which can control small characteristics of a larger component without a complex front-end operating system (OS).</div><p></p><p style="text-align: left;"> </p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>Components of a microcontroller</b><br /> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">A microcontroller consists of different components in order to perform it's tasks smoothly. Some of these components are as follows:</p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><b>RAM</b><br /><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Full abbreviation of RAM is Random Access Memory. Data and output are stored in RAM. These data are stored temporarily. Whenever, the power supply to the
microcontroller, the memory of RAM is lost. There is a special function register
(SFR) in RAM. There is a pre-configured memory called special functions register
(SFR) in RAM which is offered by the manufacturer of the microcontroller. Behavior of the serial
communication and analog-to-digital converter are controlled by it.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><b>ROM</b><br /><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Full abbreviation of ROM is Read Only Memory. It stores special tasks of microcontrollers which can never be changed. ROM helps microcontrollers to understand that certain actions should trigger particular
responses. For example, ROM helps the microcontroller of television to understand
that pressing a channel button should change the display on your screen.
The program size which is stored on ROM depends on the ROM’s size. Some
microcontrollers accept ROM addition in the form of external chips while
others come with built-in ROM.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><br /><b>Program counter</b><br /><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">Depending on a
series of different programmed instructions, a program counter assists the minicomputer for executing programs The program counter can keep tracking the counter’s place in the line of code by increasing the executed instruction one every time.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>Inputs and outputs</b><br /> </p><p style="text-align: justify;">Microcontrollers can interact with humans through
inputs and outputs in a special way. LED displays, temperature, humidity and light levels indicating switches and sensors are some of input and output devices on a microcontroller. A wide range of input and output pins or GPIO are configured for different input and output devices on a microcontroller. For
example, one pin configured as an input on the
microcontroller works by sensing temperature and another pin
configured as the output and connected to the thermostat triggers
the air conditioner or heater to turn on and off based on the pre-set
temperature ranges. Input and output dynamics are completely
machine-to-machine. There is no need of direct human interactions for taking any decision.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /><b>How does a microcontroller work?</b><br /><br /></p><p style="text-align: justify;">A microcontroller receives data from its input/output (I/O) peripherals using its central processor and interprets the data. In this way. it controls a singular function in a device. Temporary data or information are stored in its data memory. In this scenario, the processor accesses it and uses instructions stored in its program memory for decoding and applying the incoming data. After then, it communicates and validates the appropriate action by using its I/O peripherals. Multiple microcontrollers can work together handling their respective tasks within a device. For example, we can say about a car. A car consists of many microcontrollers which can control various individual systems within, like the traction control, anti-lock braking system, fuel injection or suspension control by communicating with each other to inform the correct actions. Some are capable to communicate with a more complex central computer within the car and others can only communicate with other microcontrollers. In this case, they send and receive data using their I/O peripherals help to send, receive and process the data for performing their assigned functions.<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><br /></p>
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C is a methodical programming language which was primarily developed by American Computer Scientist Dennis Ritchie in 1972. In order to write an operating system, C language was developed as a system programming language. Key features of the C language are: low-level memory access, a simple set of keywords, and a clean style. These features make C language suitable for system programmings like an operating system or compiler development. There are some advantages of learning C Programming. They are as follows:     Learning C is comparatively easy     Structured language     Efficient programs are produced by C     Low-level activities can be handled by C     It can be compiled on various computer platforms   Facts about C     C was developed for writing an operating system called UNIX.     The UNIX OS was completely written in C.     Nowadays, C is the most widely used and popular System Programming Language.     C is a successor of B language which was familiarized around the early 19
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What are robotic arms?   Like the human arms, robots also have arms. Robotic arms are mechanical arms which contain numerous parts for resembling the shoulder, an elbow and a wrist. These arms are programmed by machine language. For performing various types of functions like the human, machine language assists these robotic arms. These arms can execute a specific task or job quickly, efficiently, and extremely accurately. Robotics arms are basically motor-driven. Industrial robotic arms can work at a specific speed and power. As these arms are preprogrammed by the machine language, they can perform the task within that specified speed and power. That’s why these arms are programmed with a very safety-conscious. An end effector is a device located at the end of a robotic arm. It is designed to interact with the environment in which the robotic arm is to be used. This end effector is like the app which makes the robotic arm perform a variety of functions. The job of the robotic ar
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It is very crucial to check the output of solar panel because it saves the trouble of installing non-functional ones. First of all, the voltage and current ratings of the solar panel should be checked. These ratings can be found at the back of the panel often. Ensure the sunlight conditions are superb. If the sunlight is not directly hitting solar panels or if the rays are weak, accurate reading will not be displayed in the multi meter. A charge controller can only be tested when the battery is not full. A fully charged battery will resist current. To avoid damaging solar panels, the charge controller must be connected to the battery first, then the charge controller to the panel. A solar panel from the charge controller should be disconnected  first always, then the charge controller should be removed from the battery. There are two types of current in electrical power system. They are alternating current or AC and direct current, also known as DC. While DC only flows in one direction
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