Power Factor Explained: Theory, Equations, Real-World Calculation, Correction Methods, and Best Practices

Power Factor Explained: Theory, Equations, Real-World Calculation, Correction Methods, and Best Practices

In any AC electrical system, power factor (PF) is a key measure of how effectively electrical power is used. A poor power factor means wasted energy, higher losses, voltage drops, and even utility penalties. Improving it helps lower costs, increase system capacity, and boost efficiency. This guide covers everything you need to know: ✅ What power factor means ✅ How to calculate it using real equations ✅ The difference between leading and lagging power factor ✅ Practical worked-out examples ✅ How to measure and improve PF ✅ FAQs to clear up myths ⚡ What is Power Factor? In simple terms, power factor is the ratio of useful power (real power) doing actual work to the total power supplied (apparent power). P F = Real Power (kW) Apparent Power (kVA) = cos ⁡ ( θ ) PF = \frac{\text{Real Power (kW)}}{\text{Apparent Power (kVA)}} = \cos(\theta) where θ \theta is the phase angle between voltage and current. A PF of 1 means all the power is used effectively. A lower PF means more current is needed for the same use…